CIRAD
FluTrop
Une plateforme intéractive
sur la recherche et la surveillance de l'influenza aviaire
dans les pays du Sud
http://avian-influenza.cirad.fr/avian_influenza_fr/flutrop_home
.
Bienvenue !
Nous sommes un petit groupe de simples citoyens devenus amis, travaillant ensemble depuis de nombreux mois sur la thématique de la grippe aviaire.
Venus d’horizons différents (médecine, entreprise, ornithologie, cinéma, etc..), nous avons eu d’emblée le souci de nous faire notre propre opinion sur cette question complexe.
Pour cela, et suivant nos propres affinités et compétences, nous recherchons à la source des informations qui nous paraissent dignes de confiance, et nous essayons de les recouper.
En publiant sur ce blog nos investigations, hors de tout enjeu commercial ou médiatique, nous tenons simplement à partager avec tout un chacun nos réflexions, fruits de notre implication citoyenne devant les risques sanitaires et les coûts économiques que cette crise mondiale est en train d’engendrer.
Nous accueillons , avec plaisir , les commentaires liés au sujet abordé. Si vous voulez nous rejoindre contactez nous par mail.
L’équipe d’administrateurs
Humour du jour en attendant le prochain dessin

un clin d'oeil au réveil des marmottes

http://bickel.ouvaton.org/article.php3?id_article=23
Les Meatrix I et II sont en français !
merci Michel
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A history of influenza C.W. Potter sous une mise en page pratique http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/full/10.1046/j.1365-2672.2001.01492.x
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l'Espace éthique AP-HP et du Département de recherche en éthique Paris-Sud 11
"Pandémie, éthique, société"
des travaux spécifiques, des colloques sur les enjeux éthiques d'une potentielle pandémie grippale, ainsi qu'un nouveau journal, en français et en anglais.
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France
Plan national
de prévention et de lutte
« Pandémie grippale »
2007
3ème édition
http://www.grippeaviaire.gouv.fr/IMG/pdf/plan_pandemie_grippale_2007.pdf
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CIRAD
FluTrop
Une plateforme intéractive
sur la recherche et la surveillance de l'influenza aviaire
dans les pays du Sud
http://avian-influenza.cirad.fr/avian_influenza_fr/flutrop_home
un article de Science
Influenza virus entry is mediated by the receptor binding domain (RBD) of its spike, the hemagglutinin (HA). Adaptation of avian viruses to humans is associated with HA specificity for
2,6- rather than
2,3-linked sialic acid (SA) receptors. Here, we define mutations in influenza A subtype H5N1 (avian) HA that alter its specificity for SA either by decreasing
2,3- or increasing
2,6-SA recognition. RBD mutants were used to develop vaccines and monoclonal antibodies that neutralized new variants. Structure-based modification of HA specificity can guide the development of preemptive vaccines and therapeutic monoclonal antibodies that can be evaluated before the emergence of human-adapted H5N1 strains.
L'article (et sa bibliographie..;-)
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/317/5839/825?ijkey=NBxD82Nulpe/k&keytype=ref&siteid=sci
Influenza pandemic intervention planning using InfluSim: pharmaceutical and non-pharmaceutical interventions
Background
Influenza pandemic preparedness plans are currently developed and refined on national and international levels. Much attention has been given to the administration of antiviral drugs, but contact reduction can also be an effective part of mitigation strategies and has the advantage to be not limited per se. The effectiveness of these interventions depends on various factors which must be explored by sensitivity analyses, based on mathematical models.
PDF provisional :
Inhibition of the cytokine response does not protect
against lethal H5N1 influenza infection
Rachelle Salomon *,
"Because proinflammatory cytokines are markedly elevated during H5N1 inflluenza virus infection, the "cytokine storm" is hypothesized to be the main cause of mortality. Here, we demonstrate that mice deficient in the hallmark inflammatory cytokines TNF-
, IL-6, or CC chemokine ligand 2 succumb to infection with A/Vietnam/1203/04 (H5N1) virus, as do wild-type mice treated with glucocorticoids for suppression of cytokines. Because cytokine inhibition does not protect against death, therapies that target the virus rather than cytokines may be preferable. "
full free text on PNAS :
http://www.pnas.org/cgi/reprint/0705289104v1.pdf
The quail and chicken intestine have
sialyl-galactose sugar chains responsible
for the binding of influenza A viruses to human type receptors
Received on October 12, 2006; revised on March 13, 2007; accepted on March 22, 2007
The receptor specificity of influenza viruses is one factor that allows avian influenza viruses to cross the species barrier. The recent transmissions of avian H5N1 and H9N2 influenza viruses from chickens and/or quails to humans indicate that avian influenza viruses can directly infect humans without an intermediate host, such as pigs. In this study, we used two strains of influenza A virus (A/PR/8/34, which preferentially binds to an avian-type receptor, and A/Memphis/1/71, which preferentially binds to a human-type receptor) to probe the receptor specificities in host cells. Epithelial cells of both quail and chicken intestines (colons) could bind both avian- and human-type viruses. Infected cultured quail colon cells expressed viral protein and allowed replication of the virus strain A/PR/8/34 or A/Memphis/1/71. To understand the molecular basis of these phenomena, we further investigated the abundance of sialic acid (Sia) linked to galactose (Gal) by the
2-3 linkage (Sia
2-3Gal) and Sia
2-6Gal in host cells. In glycoprotein and glycolipid fractions from quail and chicken colon epithelial cells, there were some bound components of Sia–Gal linkage-specific lectins, Maackia amurensis agglutinin (specific for Sia
2-3 Gal) and Sambucus nigra agglutinin (specific for Sia
2-6Gal), indicating that both Sia
2–3Gal and Sia
2-6Gal exist in quail and chicken colon cells. Furthermore, we demonstrated by fluorescence high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis that 5-N-acetylneuraminic acid was the main molecular species of Sia, and we demonstrated by multi-dimensional HPLC mapping and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry analysis that bi-antennary complex-type glycans
2-6 sialylated at the terminal Gal residue(s) are major (more than 79%) sialyl N-glycans expressed by intestinal epithelial tissues in both the chicken and quail. Taken together, these results indicate that quails and chickens have molecular characterization as potential intermediate hosts for avian influenza virus transmission to humans and could generate new influenza viruses with pandemic potential.
full text
A rationale for using steroids
in the treatment of severe cases of H5N1 avian influenza
Marissa J. Carter
Strategic Solutions, Inc., 1143 Salsbury Ave, Cody, WY 82414, USA
abstract
"Acute hypercytokinaemia represents an imbalance of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines, and is believed to be responsible for the development of acute respiratory distress syndrome and multiple organ failure in severe cases of avian (H5N1) influenza. Although neuraminidase inhibitors are effective in treating avian influenza, especially if given within 48 h of infection, it is harder to prevent the resultant hypercytokinaemia from developing if the patient does not seek timely medical assistance. Steroids have been used for many decades in a wide variety of inflammatory conditions in which hypercytokinaemia plays a role, such as sepsis and viral infections, including severe acquired respiratory syndromes and avian influenza. However, to date, the results have been mixed. Part of the reason for the discrepancies might be the lack of understanding that low doses are required to prevent mortality in cases of adrenal insufficiency. Adrenal insufficiency, as defined in the sepsis/shock literature, is a plasma cortisol rise of at least 9 µg dl–1 following a 250 µg dose of adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH), or reaching a plasma cortisol concentration of >25 µg dl–1 following a 1–2 µg dose of ACTH. In addition, in the case of hypercytokinaemia induced by potent viruses, such as H5N1, systemic inflammation-induced, acquired glucocorticoid resistance is likely to be present. Adrenal insufficiency can be overcome, however, with prolonged (7–10 or more days) supraphysiological steroid treatment at a sufficiently high dose to address the excess activation of NF-
B, but low enough to avoid immune suppression. This is a much lower dose than has been typically used to treat avian influenza patients. Although steroids cannot be used as a monotherapy in the treatment of avian influenza, there might be a potential role for their use as an adjunct treatment to antiviral therapy if appropriate dosages can be determined. In this paper, likely mechanisms of adrenal insufficiency are discussed, drawing from a broad background of literature sources. "
full text
Coup de Gueule... So British
Tony Delamothe, deputy editor
Somewhere, I imagine, there's a small group of people proud to be counted among the Friends of Avian Flu, or FAF for short. I suspect they have a catchy mission statement, such as "Keeping the nightmare alive," and lapel badges of vaguely bird-like shape.
Their challenge is to keep bird flu forever in the public eye. This should be getting harder, as influenza H5N1 is proving particularly resistant to undergoing the killer mutation that would allow efficient human to human transmission of the virus. Ten years after the strain first appeared in humans, it has killed just 191 people. This is despite the most propitious of circumstances: millions of people and poultry living in very close proximity in South East Asia. Although these deaths are a tragedy for the victims and their families, it's as well to remember that a similar number of people die on the roads world wide every 84 minutes.
Traditionally, we've blamed the drug companies for talking up the risks of diseases, or even inventing diseases, but this is not the case with bird flu. The track record of oseltamivir (Tamiflu) as a treatment for H5N1 is decidedly mixed, and its use in seasonal flu has been linked to suicides and neuropsychiatric symptoms in Japanese teenagers. FAF has incorporated this pharmaceutical failure into its story for bird flu: The Drugs Don't Work. Be afraid. Be very afraid.
FAF knows that the best way to generate column inches is high profile scientific conferences with well oiled media machines, and in this week's BMJ Richard Smith, our previous editor, reports on a session he chaired at a conference of Health Technology Assessment International (doi: 10.1136/bmj.39255.606713.DB). Some of the observations were familiar: the inevitability of the pandemic and the possibility of drug resistance. But others were relatively new: the terminological mutation from "avian flu" to "pandemic flu," in recognition of H5N1's failure to mutate genetically.
la suite à lire à cette adresse :
dans le domaine des causes probablement rien de nouveau, business as usual !
A FRIC ( en idéogrames chinois ça s'écrit comment ?)
LOME, June 22 (Reuters) - Tests have confirmed an outbreak of the deadly H5N1 birdflu virus at a poultry farm in the West African country of Togo, Agriculture Minister Yves Nagou said on Friday.
Samples from the semi-industrial farm at Sigbehoue, about 45 km (28 miles) east of the capital Lome, had been sent for laboratory tests in neighbouring Ghana after the sudden mass death of poultry at the site.
"It is confirmed. The results from the laboratory in Accra have detected the H5N1 type of virus," Nagou told Reuters. Preliminary tests in Togo had already indicated the presence of H5N1.
http://www.reuters.com/article/europeCrisis/idUSL22824997
un article proposé par Anne.
Transparent Development
of the WHO Rapid Advice Guidelines
Résumé :
Abstract translated into French by Dr. Yazdan Yazdanpanah
Introduction : Les maladies émergentes nécessitent un partage rapide des informations et des connaissances. Ici, nous décrivons une approche systématique et transparente utilisée par l’OMS pour développer des recommandations rapides sur la prise en charge thérapeutique des infections au virus de la grippe aviaire A (H5N1). Ces recommandations ont été développées à la demande des états membres confortés à des incertitudes concernant la prise en charge de cette pathologie.
Méthodes : Nous avons tout d’abord préparé des documents résumant les résultats : (i) des revues systématiques des essais cliniques randomisés évaluant le traitement curatif et préventif de la grippe saisonnière ; (ii) des études disponibles sur le virus H5N1 et en particulier des cas cliniques et des études in vitro. Puis, un panel constitué par des experts cliniciens ayant déjà pris en charge des patients infectés par le virus de H5N1, des chercheurs dans le domaine de la grippe, et des méthodologistes a été réuni pour une durée de deux jours. Il a été demandé aux membres du panel d’étudier les documents résumant les résultats et les niveaux de preuves pour chaque indication thérapeutique avant la réunion.
Résultats : Le groupe de personnes qui a réalisé la revue systématique des données de la littérature a été constitué en quatre semaines. Ce groupe a revu sur une période de cinq semaines les données de la littérature sur le traitement de la grippe, a déterminé les niveaux de preuves pour chaque indication thérapeutique, et écrit une première version des recommandations avant la réunion du panel d’experts. Une première version d’un article a été préparé pour publication dans les dix jours suivant la réunion du panel d’experts. Les points forts de ce processus sont sa transparence et la rapidité avec la quelle il a permis de mettre en place des recommandations. Ce processus peut être toutefois amélioré en diminuant le temps nécessaire à constituer le groupe ayant réalisé la revue systématique des données et le choix des niveaux de preuves. Dans l’avenir, il faut améliorer l’implication des partenaires, et évaluer l’impact a posteriori de ces recommandations.
Conclusion : Il est possible de développer des recommandations en utilisant une approche systématique et transparente sur un laps de temps court. Toutefois, le coût de ce processus est élevé pour les pays à niveau de revenu bas ou moyen. Dans les pays à niveau de revenu élevé il est probablement inutile de dupliquer ce processus. L’OMS ou d’autres organisations, en suivant une approche systématique robuste et rapide peuvent développer ces recommandations qui pourraient être ensuite adaptées à des contextes spécifiques.
.
Un article à lire à cette adresse:
http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1877972
.
l'article en PDF
http://medicine.plosjournals.org/archive/1549-1676/4/5/pdf/10.1371_journal.pmed.0040119-L.pdf
un article du ScienceNOW Daily News
By Martin Enserink
ScienceNOW Daily News
29 May 2007
Physicians may someday get an extra tool to deal with a global outbreak of bird flu in humans. In laboratory experiments, antibodies from patients who successfully battled avian influenza protected mice from the virus, researchers say in a paper published in this month's issue of Public Library of Science (PloS) Medicine. Although less practical than antiviral drugs, antibodies could provide crucial help, says Albert Osterhaus, a virologist at Erasmus Medical Center in Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
Industrially produced antibodies are already used against a variety of diseases, including rabies and hepatitis A and B. But they may be useful in influenza as well. During the 1918 influenza pandemic, some doctors experimentally treated patients by transfusing them with blood products from recovered patients; a review study published last year suggested that such treatments may have cut mortality in half.
For the new study, researchers at the Hospital for Tropical Diseases in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, took blood samples from four patients as they recovered from infection with H5N1--the virus that causes avian influenza--in 2004 and 2005. Scientists at the Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB) in Bellinzona, Switzerland, then isolated the so-called memory B cells, which produce antibodies; using a special trick that employs the Epstein-Barr virus, they "immortalized" these cells to make them crank out antibodies indefinitely. Finally, researchers at the U.S. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases in Bethesda, Maryland, tested four of these antibodies in a mouse strain highly susceptible to H5N1 infection.
All four antibodies saved the lives of mice infected with an H5N1 strain isolated in Vietnam in 2004. The antibodies even worked when given 3 days after infection. Three of the four also protected against a strain found in 2005 in Indonesia that is a genetically distinct form of the virus. Further studies showed that the antibodies limited viral replication in the lungs as well as lung damage and slowed down the virus's spread out of the lungs.
That means the antibodies could form an additional line of defense--besides drugs like Tamiflu, which carry the risk of resistance--during an influenza pandemic, says IRB Director Antonio Lanzavecchia. Because flu viruses change constantly, it's uncertain whether any of these four antibodies would still work if a new H5N1 strain unleashes a pandemic; it may be necessary to start anew with antibodies from future patients. But the study shows that this can be done quickly, Lanzavecchia says.
"It's a beautiful paper," says Osterhaus. The broad protection seen with the three antibodies and the fact that the antibodies worked even 3 days after infection are both "hopeful findings," he says. But a key question will be how fast antibody production can be scaled up, he adds, and the fact that the antibodies need to be injected--versus given as pills--is a drawback.
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